Pope Benedict XV promulgated the Code of Canon Law in 1917, largely prepared during the reign of his predecessor, Pope St. Pius X. This was the first time in the history of the Church that canon law had been brought under one cover instead of being collected in various books of precedential decisions and opinions. Benedict XV initially gave lip service to his saintly predecessor's campaign against the heresy of Modernism, but in reality he essentially stopped Pius X's courageous efforts to root Modernism from the clergy and seminaries. Thus, a revivified Neo-Modernism was able to break forth with even more virulence forty years later at Vatican II.